Understanding the dynamics between migration and cities is an important priority of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). Migrants make important contributions to the cities that they live in, and migration to cities should, therefore, be appropriately managed and planned for. At the same time, migration and other forms of mobility are common responses for coping with and adapting to environmental hardship, stress and risks. This places further stress on the ability of cities to adapt to climate change. Additional migration to cities is likely to exacerbate pre-existing vulnerabilities related to inequality, poverty, indigence and informality (informal work and settlements), and worsen the situation of those exposed to environmental risk factors. Sea level rise, land degradation and desertification, as well as changes in water availability, including glacial melt, are three important factors in the interplay of migration drivers and environmental change. The impact of climate change and environmental degradation on migration and cities is not fully known. They are also likely to lack local knowledge, networks and assets, and are, therefore, less prepared to cope with, and avoid, the impacts of these hazards.
Migrants, notably those of low socioeconomic status, are often particularly vulnerable as they are more likely to reside in areas at risk of environmental hazards. In South America, internal migration flows – as well as immigration – are mostly to cities. Rapid urbanization, accelerating demand for housing, resource supplies and social and health services, place pressure on already stretched physical, social and regulatory infrastructure, heightening risks and vulnerability. Cities – particularly megacities – are becoming focal points for climate change impacts.
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